PactVerity & PVTY: evidence for the AI-service economy
Meet the project turning measurable AI-service claims into recheckable receipts—and explore PVTY, its Solana token, through the published evidence.
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Solana introduces a shared rail for institutional settlement
The Foundation’s new DvP program targets simultaneous asset and payment exchange, with important limits on what the announcement establishes.
Ethereum researchers explore rules for what a transaction actually does
A new research post examines transaction assertions: checks on the final outcome, rather than the signature alone.
zkAPI brings private usage credits to Ethereum-based API payments
The Ethereum Foundation describes a system that separates API billing from identity, while acknowledging the privacy limits of prompts and network traffic.
Circle and Volante put USDC workflows on banks’ integration agenda
A newly announced collaboration focuses on evaluating stablecoin payments alongside institutions’ existing payment infrastructure.
Beyond the price: how to read a crypto market
Price is the headline. Liquidity, supply and execution tell the rest of the story. A practical framework for reading a token market.
What actually happens when you send Bitcoin?
From a signed transaction to a confirmed block: the difference between a wallet balance, an address and settlement.
Ethereum staking: know what you own, and who controls it
Solo validators, pooled staking and liquid staking are different arrangements. Here are the questions that matter.
Solana fees: small numbers, important details
Understand base fees, compute budgets and priority fees without confusing faster scheduling with guaranteed execution.
Stablecoins: reserves are only half the question
Reserve disclosures, redemption eligibility and secondary-market liquidity each answer a different question about a stablecoin.
A liquidity lock is evidence—not a complete safety check
How to evaluate lock scope, expiry and pool identity without mistaking a lock badge for protection against every token risk.
AI agents need evidence, not another trust badge
A practical way to separate a recorded claim, an integrity check and independently reproduced evidence in AI systems.
Before you bridge: understand the layers underneath
Layer 2 networks can reduce costs, but bridges, withdrawal paths and trust assumptions deserve their own checks.
Reading a candle: what a crypto chart actually records
Learn open, high, low and close, why unfinished candles change, and what a chart cannot tell you about buyers.
Market cap versus FDV: two valuations, different denominators
Understand circulating supply, total supply and maximum supply with a simple valuation example.
Spread and depth: the hidden distance between a quote and a fill
Read bids, asks and order-book depth using an example that explains why larger orders execute differently.
Volume, liquidity and traders: three metrics that should not be confused
A busy chart does not automatically mean deep liquidity or a large community. Learn how to separate the signals.
What TVL measures—and why a rising number can mislead
Separate asset deposits, price changes and counting methodology when reading total value locked.
Reading a token unlock calendar without jumping to conclusions
Cliffs, linear vesting and beneficiary rights explain more than an isolated unlock headline.
Bitcoin UTXOs: why one payment can create a change output
Understand inputs, outputs and change without mistaking your wallet’s own address for an extra recipient.
Bitcoin fees: why transaction size matters more than payment value
Learn fee rates, virtual size and why a large-value payment need not cost more than a small one.
The Bitcoin halving: a supply rule, not a price forecast
What changes at a halving, what stays unchanged, and why issuance is different from market demand.
Full nodes and miners: two different jobs in Bitcoin
Learn who proposes blocks, who verifies rules and why running a node does not automatically earn bitcoin.
Wallet custody and backups: a plain-English recovery checklist
Separate a wallet app, a signing device, a recovery backup and a custodial account before you need to recover access.
Lightning payments: channels, routes and the meaning of liquidity
Understand how Lightning differs from an on-chain Bitcoin payment and why a funded wallet can still face routing limits.
Bitcoin addresses are public: privacy is not the same as anonymity
Learn what an explorer exposes, what address reuse reveals and why a wallet label is not definitive identity proof.
Ethereum gas: separate the work, the price and the spending limit
A practical guide to gas units, base fees, priority fees and the maximum fee shown in a wallet.
ERC-20 tokens: names, decimals and contract identity
Why a familiar ticker is not proof of authenticity, and how raw balances become the number shown in a wallet.
Smart contracts: what code can automate and what administrators can change
Understand execution rules, upgrade controls and the difference between published code and reviewed behaviour.
Blockchain oracles: how outside data reaches a smart contract
Learn why data sources, update rules and stale-value handling matter as much as a price number.
MEV explained: why transaction order can affect your swap
Understand the economic consequences of ordering without confusing every bad execution with an attack.
Solana accounts: why a wallet can pay to create an account
Learn how state is stored and why an account-funding amount is different from a transaction fee.
Solana tokens: mint addresses, token accounts and authorities
A clear guide to supply records and control permissions behind an SPL token.
Processed, confirmed, finalised: reading a Solana transaction status
Learn why submission, network confirmation and successful instructions are three separate checks.
RPC providers: why two Solana dashboards can show different data
Understand the infrastructure between a wallet interface and blockchain state, including rate limits and stale observations.
Program upgrades on Solana: what an authority can change
Understand executable programs, upgrade rights and the evidence needed to connect reviewed code to a deployment.
Token extensions: why not every Solana token behaves the same
Transfer fees, hooks and other extensions can affect integrations even when a wallet recognises the token.
How an AMM prices a swap: a worked pool example
Use a simple constant-product model to understand why each additional token can cost more than the last.
Concentrated liquidity: why a funded position can stop earning fees
Learn active price ranges, one-sided positions and why total liquidity is not the same as liquidity near the market.
Impermanent loss: compare liquidity provision with simply holding
A numerical example separates pool value, trading fees and the alternative of retaining the original assets.
DeFi lending: health factor, collateral and liquidation
Understand borrowing capacity and liquidation with a simple example, without treating a displayed limit as a sensible target.
Token approvals: connecting a wallet is not the same as granting spending rights
Understand allowances, spender addresses and why disconnecting a website may not remove an on-chain permission.
APR, APY and token incentives: where does DeFi yield come from?
Separate interest, trading fees and incentive emissions before comparing annualised rates.
Hashes and signatures: what a verified receipt actually proves
Distinguish file integrity, signer identity and the truth of a recorded observation.
Prompt injection: when outside content tries to control an AI agent
Why a document, website or tool result must not become authority to move money or disclose secrets.
Reading an AI benchmark: accuracy needs a test definition
Dataset versions, failure cases and real-world conditions matter more than one impressive score.
AI agents and wallets: design permission limits before autonomy
Separate recommendations, transaction preparation and signing so software cannot spend beyond its actual mandate.
IPFS and evidence storage: a content identifier is not a hosting guarantee
Understand content addressing, pinning and the difference between integrity and continued availability.
RAG and citations: why a sourced AI answer still needs checking
Retrieval can improve grounding, but a link must actually support the claim beside it.